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Section 1, "The Making of the Modern Brazilian State."
185 Is Brazil larger or smaller in size than the continental United States?

       What type of land forms are found in Brazil?

186 Name some of Brazil's natural resources.

       Why does Brazil have an ethnically mixed society? Name its major groups and the percent of the population each comprises.

187 Why is there no great religious divide in Brazil?

188 What role did the Portuguese royal family have in ruling Brazil?

       How and why was authority centralized in Brazil before 1889?

       What features of a representative democracy did Brazilians enjoy under Portuguese rule?

       What causes led to the end of the Brazilian empire and the rise of the Old Republic?

       When and why were the slaves freed in Brazil?

       What groups controlled the government during the Old Republic?

       What form of government was established in the constitution of 1891?

       Who continued to manipulate local politics?

       What is coronelismo?

189 Explain the patron-client relationship that underlies modern Brazilian politics.

       What is patrimonialism?

       What three states dominated national politics between 1889 and 1930? Why?

       How did the Great Depression of the 1930s affect Brazil's economy and national politics?

       In what ways was Getulio Vargas' government revolutionary?

       What is state corporatism?

       What was Vargas' Estado Novo?

190 What position did Vargas hold before 1930? How did he become president?

191 What three parties emerged in Brazil in the 1940s? What was the platform of each?

       How did Vargas leave office? Who replaced him? How?

       How is populism defined in the case of Brazil? Is it democratic?

       How did Vargas return to office?

       After his suicide, who succeeded Vargas as president?

      Where did the capital city move?

192 Describe how politics became popularized under President Joao Goulart.

       Why and how did the military intervene in 1964?

193 What is bureaucratic authoritarianism? How did such regimes come to power?

       What two parties did the military government allow to operate? Why weren't they very effective?

       What is state-led development?

       What was arbertura? What did it lead to in 1974? In 1982?

194 How did Jose Sarney become president in 1984?

       What economic changes did President Collor de Mello make?

195 How did Itamar Franco become president in 1992?

       What was the Real Plan?

       What were Cordoso's economic successes and failures as president, 1994-2002?

       Who became president of  Brazil in 2002?

Section 2, "Political Economy and Development"

197 What two economic processes have left enduring legacies on the Brazilian politics? How?

198 What agricultural products have been the basis of the Brazilian economy? In what time periods?

       How did coffee help Brazilian economic development?

       How was Brazil affected by the Great Depression?

       What economic strategy did Brazil turn to in the 1930s? How did it differ from the previous strategy? What was the state's role in it?

       What economic strategy was used after World War II? How did it work? What was the state's role in it?

199 What problems with the ISI emerged in the 1960s and 1970s?

       What did the dependencistas argue was the reason for economic trouble in Brazil?

       What economic policies did military governments pursue from 1964 to 1985?

200 How did the agriculture business change during these years (1964-1985)?

       What are the environmental costs of state-led growth? How effective have the environmental rules been?

202 What reforms did President Cardoso implement in the 1980s and 1990s to recover federal tax revenues?

       How big is Brazil's debt in relation to its GDP?

203 How did industrialization affect the urban population, employment, racial inequalities, and women?

205 How did the restructuring of the rural economy in the 1960s and 1970s help break the landowner's political and economic control of the rural        population?

       Describe how land-ownership is concentrated.

       What is the Landless Workers' Movement?

       How did Cardoso respond to its demands?

       Why do so many people migrate to urban areas?

206 What problems were caused by the rapid urbanization of the 1960s-1980s? How did the military government handle them? Why didn't its policies        work?

       Why did Brazil seek international sources of credit?

207 Why did interest payments sour?

       What conditions do the IMF and World Bank put on their loans?

       Under President Collor, Brazil adopted a free market strategy. What problem did this cause?

208 What conditions at home aggravated this problem?

       What is the FTAA?

       Why did Brazil criticize the US trade policy of 2001?

       What is MERCOSUL? How does it differ from NAFTA? The EU?

Section 3, "Governance and Policy Making"
210 What institutional legacies continue to shape Brazilian politics?

What generalizations can be made about the organization of the Brazilian state?

211 What rules to rein in the power of the federal executive are found in the 1988 constitution?

212 How did Pres. Collar abuse emergency powers given to him in the 1988 constitution?

       How does the president control the bureaucracy?

       Why are personal ties to the president important?

       Which cabinet member has most authority?

       What development projects have been financed and directed by the government?

213 What is the role of the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES)?

       How does clientelism state and semipublic firms lead to corruption?

       Over what businesses did the 1988 Constitution give the state total control over?

       How did this change in the 1990s?

       What is the BNDES's new mission?

214 For what were the armed forces successful in getting amnesty?

       How has the military lost some of its influence in government in recent years?

216 Why do the governors of Brazil's 26 states wield tremendous influence?

Section 4, "Representation and Participation"
218 What's the voting age in Brazil?

       What's normal voting turnout?

219 Describe the structure of the national legislature. What are the similarities and differences with the US legislative branch?

       What two groups of people from rural states have great influence in Congress? Why?

       How do some members of Congress use their positions for personal benefit?

220 What does it mean to say the Brazilian political system is "mercurial"? What are some reasons for this?

        What policies do right wing parties support?

221 How does the open-list PR system reduce the importance of political parties?

222 What policies do the leftist parties support?

223 Who is the current president? To what party does he belong?

224 Why does President da Silva need the support of conservative parties in Congress?

225 What developments made Brazilian nation building possible?

226 Why do most Brazilians not become involved in politics? How does this sense of powerlessness affect their belief about the proper relationship
        between state and society?

227 What new trends have emerged during the redemocratization process?

228-229 Explain the interests and activities of the Catholic Church and women's organizations in recent years.

229 Why are the rights of indigenous peoples in the Amazon a pressing social problem?

Section 5, "Brazilian Politics in Transition"

230 What dilemmas do presidents of Brazil face in trying to attract foreign investment?

231 Why is clientelism still an important part of national politics in Brazil? What problems has it caused?

        What is the author's assessment of Cardoso's presidency?

232   How has the reduction in the state's role in the economy affected workers?

         How has Brazilian democracy suffered?